ARTICLE 4 – SOCIAL TECHNOLOGY

INTRODUCTION
Web 2.0 is one of the social technologies, and it is the updated version of the web 1.0, web 1.0 is defined as connecting people namely known like internet but it is not popularly used. Web 2.0 was introduced by Tim O'Reilly in the year 2004, he characterised web 2.0 is platform, harnessing collective intelligence and rich user experiences.

ANALYSIS
Web were used from the earlier days but it was not reached to everybody therefore according to (D.M. Kristaly ; F.Sisak; L.Truican; S.A. Moraru; F.Sandu ,2008), it should be universally used for highly interactive scripting which helps the people to easily access and enrich their experience in the real world and the intelligent application stated by B.Gibson(2007)it is also increase the usability and dynamic interaction which mean when the user request , it provides automatically such as sports, temperature , score , etc according to B.Gibson(2007).
At the end of 2006, Web 2.0 which is the improved version, referred as people to people which is initially started using in many of the companies. According to the survey of (Paul Zimmerman, 2009) more than 260 IT professionals are working to increase using web 2.0 mainly in blog, RSS and wiki. There are many key applications in Web 2.0 as follows;

KEY APPLICATIONS OF WEB 2.0
Web 2.0 consists of many applications are Blog, Wiki, RSS, Podcasting, Metadata, Tagging, let’s look at the description below;

Blog is the called as weighted conversation, according to P.Anderson (2007) the communication between the poster and the visitor in the way of commenting.

Wiki is a set of web pages, which is more flexible in accessing or editing all the information by everybody, it is good for group work. The amazing aspect of wiki is there is rollback button such helps you to see our previous work cited by J. M. Maness (2006).

RSS is a technology used to blog; we can update information without visiting the web page cited by P.Anderson (2007).

Podcasting allows the user to record audio signals such as interview, lecture class etc, it can be downloaded by internet or RSS. It can be heard by using desktop or mp3 device in your leisure time according to Pat R. Ormond (2008) and P.Anderson (2007)

Metadata is a key word just like a data, but it consists of 3 main features namely it restricted number, name and the meaning of the element to be searched, according to C.Taylor (2003)

Tagging is a user chosen keyword to describe the digital information such as photos, video clip, it allows the user to change the content as well as the metadata, this can also act as bookmark ,the set of tagging occurs by the same user is known as tag clouding according to Michael J. Muller(2007).

REFLECTION FROM PRACTICE
After learning many articles, let me now connect coursework 2 and coursework 3, to know this first, we will start with the meaning of partnership? According to dictionary .com “the relation or the contract created with associating to person or business joining”. When I had a glance of corporate plan 2008-2013, I found our University was lacking in partnership, let’s now see how the partnership is connected with our University are connected with web 2.0 technology, Let’s now consider there are two Universities namely Middlesex and Oxford University, if there is a common blog for each university, which can be accessed by all the students; interested student namely students who wish to share their knowledge can update their interest, some information which can shared in the blog are: course details, coursework details, campus interview, general information, job etc. RSS can also play an important role by updating highlight only their interested works. By doing this, what are the outcomes; good relationship, knowledge shared between both the universities, best alumni.

REFERENCE
1. Becky Gibson (2007),” Enabling an Accessible Web 2.0”, IBM Emerging Technologies, 16th International World Wide Web Conference, pp 1-4 (accessed on 11th February, 2009).

2. Chris Taylor (2003),"An Introduction to Metadata", the University of Queensland, available at http://www.library.uq.edu.au/iad/ctmeta4.html (accessed on 13th February, 2009).

3. D.M. Kristaly ; F.Sisak; L.Truican; S.A. Moraru; F.Sandu ,(2008),”Web 2.0 technologies in web application development”, Transilvania University of Brasov, pp 2-6 (accessed on 11th February, 2009).

4. H.Zhang and H.Su (2007),”Reforming Computing Education with New Web Technology”, Armstrong Atlantic State University, pp 3-10 (accessed on 11th February, 2009).

5. John W. Maxwell (2007),"Using Wiki as a Multi-Mode Publishing Platform", ACM Publication, pp196-197 (accessed on 20th February, 2009).

6. Jack M. Maness (2006), “Library 2.0 Theory: Web 2.0 and Its Implications for Libraries”, MLS, University of Colorado at Boulder Libraries (accessed on 21st February, 2009).

7. Michael J. Muller (2007),"Comparing Tagging Vocabularies among Four Enterprise Tag-Based Services", IBM Research/Collaborative User Experience, pp 341(accessed on 11th February, 2009).

8. Pat R. Ormond (2008),"PODCASTING ENHANCES LEARNING", Utah Valley University, 800 West University Parkway, Orem, Utah 84058, pp 2-3 (accessed on 19th February, 2009).

9. Paul Anderson (2007),"What is Web 2.0? Ideas, technologies and implications for education", JISC Technology and Standards Watch, pp 10 (accessed on 19th February, 2009).

ARTICLE 5- ROLE OF IT IN KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

INTRODUCTION
What is KMS?
Knowledge Management System is generally based IT which is referred as modern IT namely [Lotus Notes, Intranet, Extranet] which enables to manage, capture and expertise knowledge in an organisation according to (Turban, Leidner, McLean and Wetherbe 2006, 370) and (Laudon K.C. & Laudon J.P., 2007, 66), why it is IT, Is KMS completely depend on IT alone ? No, but it is most recent outcome and therefore they need to use it.

CRITICAL ANALYSIS
As we have come around, there are many systems namely; Management Information System (MIS), Transactional Processing Systems (TPS), Decision Support System (DSS), Executive Information Systems(EIS), Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), Supplier Chain Management (SCM), Customer Relationship Management (CRM), Expert Systems (ES) and Knowledge Management System (KMS) now what is this systems? How they differ? According to (Alavi M. & Leidner D.E. 1999) KMS is the only system where individuals in an organisation contribute and form a continuous improvement as I have told you it is purely focussing on creating, gathering and implemented which means in simple words data or information is converted to knowledge and then transformed into knowledge Management this type of connectivity is done by system known as KMS.

Types of KMS
There are 3 main types according to (Laudon K.C. & Laudon J.P., 2007);
· Enterprise wide knowledge – it is used for general purpose for collect, store and structuring knowledge, according to (Laudon K.C. & Laudon J.P., 2007).

· Knowledge work systems – This is done for specific purpose ex: 3D visualisation, virtual Reality according to (Laudon K.C. & Laudon J.P., 2007).

· Intelligent techniques – This is tool to solve the problems ex: data mining, fuzzy logic according to (Laudon K.C. & Laudon J.P., 2007).

KM IN ORGANISATION
According to (Knowledge Management: Measuring Knowledge Management in the Business Sector, 2006, 20), the purpose of the KM in Organisation need to first analysis the answers for why, how and what? This is purely depends on the Company policy but in general;
Why questions deals with; what already exist in an organisation and how to meet this to the environmental needs it deals with transformation of stocks, increase in opportunities.
How questions deals with; with creating and implementing a framework, which means how it is created either by one person or many it also tells about the knowledge gained is transformed and stored in database which is use by all members in the organisation.
What questions deals with; with the basic problems like price, market and technological competitiveness.

After lots of research (Alavi M. & Leidner D.E. 1999) as narrated his own points, knowledge management is emphasised in three main parts namely; Information based, Cultural based, technology based

Information based is primarily concern with the current information used in the environment therefore it ensures the customer there will not be any old or wrong data stated by (Alavi M. & Leidner D.E. 1999). Management/ culture based on sharing the knowledge with all the members and they can openly express their views stated by (Alavi M. & Leidner D.E. 1999). Technology based is associated with data warehousing, enterprise- wide systems, experts and intranet which make the outcome more effective and efficient stated by (Alavi M. & Leidner D.E. 1999). Therefore it is well said that how IT is needed in an organisation through technology based knowledge.

REFLECTION FROM PRACTICE
Let us now see with my personal experience how IT is playing a important role in an organisation, as I am working as a interpreter in a birth centre, all the queries to the patient are computerised when I was talking to one of the chief observer, She told it is good that everything is computerized where all the information are stored in the database so that it is easy for us to complete our work and therefore time and energy spend for the documentation of the report is reduced as though everything is clearly stated in the form of print out this makes the patient and ourselves by completing our work to the fullest. How this is related to KMS? The database is the IT component and the computer is the knowledge management system, therefore KMS is well authorized it goes in hand with IT.

REFERENCE
1. Alavi M. & Leidner D.E. 1999.Knowledge Management Systems: Emerging Views and Practices from the Field. Proceedings of the 32nd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. IEEE (accessed on 13rd March, 2009).

2. Alavi M. & Leidner D.E. 1999. Knowledge Management Systems: Issues, Challenges and Benefits, vol 1, 4-20 (accessed on 14th March, 2009)

3. Knowledge Management: Measuring Knowledge Management in the Business Sector, (2006), Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), pp20 (accessed on 11st March, 2009).

4. Laudon K.C. and Laudon J.P. (2006). Management information systems: managing the digital firm (10th edition). New Jersey:Prentice Hall, pp 66 (accessed on 13rd March, 2009)

5. Turban E., Leidner D., McLean E, Wetherbe J., (2006). Information Technology for Management: Transforming organizations in the Digital Economy (5th Edition) pp370 (accessed on 13rd March, 2009)

Article 6- KNOWLEDGE CAFE

INTRODUCTION TO KNOWLEDGE CAFE
A knowledge cafe is a group of people, who have a creative conversation about a mutually interested topic in an open environment, it is not only a talk but every individual understand the depth of the topic according to D.Gurteen (2006)and Malhotra (2005).


Fig 1: from Guteen .D(2006)

He also emphasis Knowledge management is not only sharing but it is the understanding of the concept deeper according to D.Gurteen (2006). The concept Speed Networking comes under knowledge cafe, now let’s see what is SPEED NETWORKING?

Speed network is define as getting peoples together talking or discussing about business idea, where you live, how they live. Speed network can be connected to peoples namely 16 or less members, who are looking for work or contact it can be short term but can be processed as long term too, because business are corporation of people which work efficiently according to Derek Polcyn(2008).

REFLECTION FROM PRACTICE
After hearing many videos about knowledge cafe but how is it in real life? I met with a surprising knowledge cafe which was held on February 19, 2009, conducted by our lectures. In the initial steps, they asked as to get information of the unknown people inside our group which was held for around 3 mins which is known as speed network, then starts the actual play we were asked to sit in group which consists of 5 or 4 members and we were asked to discuss about the interesting topic namely “List out the worst things that could prevent an organisation from being able to manage knowledge”, we were little surprise then we started listing for around 3 sheets some are; no experts, no framework, no internet, no skills, no hierarchy, no encouragement, no design, no controller, no communication, no meeting, no manuals, no rules, no resources, no structure, no experience, no training, no restaurant, no cafe area . Etc... Then we consider ourselves as Knowledge Manager and picked out three topics which is majorly used to prevent knowledge in an organisation namely; no communication, no training, no meeting.

By establishing proper socialization among the employees is important, to express and share their knowledge either tacitly or explicitly within the other employee therefore this leads to good communication according to Nonaka (1995) Secondly, if there is no meeting, there is no schedule nor deadline in an organisation. Thirdly, if there is lack in training the employee, they cannot plan their work and they cannot manage the requirements of the external parties Jones, P. M. (2001). Therefore these are few steps to prevent knowledge in an organisation and if it is considered as the positive impact then it is the way to implement knowledge in an organisation.

REFERENCE
1. D.Gurteen (2006). Available at http://www.gurteen.com/gurteen/gurteen.nsf/id/kcafe(accessed on 14th February, 2009).
2. Derek Polcyn (2008).Available at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l6RXa4XUQ4o&feature=related (accessed on 19th February, 2008).
3. Jones, P. M. (2001). Collaborative Knowledge Management, Social Networks and Organisational Learning. [Online].Available:
http://human-factors.arc.nasa.gov/publications/collab_know_paper.pdf. (20th march, 2009).
4. Nonaka, I and Hirotaka T, 1995, the knowledge-creating company: how Japanese companies create the dynamics of innovation, New York, Oxford University Press, pp 4-10 (accessed on 14th February, 2009).
5. Yogesh Malhotra (2005),"Integrating Knowledge management technologies in organisational business processes: getting real time enterprises to deliver real business performance", journal of knowledge management vol. 9, no 1, pp 7-28(accessed on 14th February, 2009).

Article 3- KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT

What is Knowledge Management?
Before we step into Knowledge Management, we must know what is the term knowledge and management. Knowledge is defined as information that has been organised and analysed to make it understandable and applicable to problem solving or decision making according to Turban (1992).

Knowledge consists of truth and beliefs, perspectives, concepts, judgements, expectations, methodologies according to Wiig (1993).

Management is defined as the strategy-driven motivation and facilitation of people, aimed at reaching an organisation's set goals according to Roelof & Beijerse (1999).
But this view can change from person to person according to the situation. Knowledge Management is defined by our guru’s are stated below:

CRITICAL ANALYSIS
Knowledge Management doesn’t have finite definition, but Knowledge Management can be comprises of Term Work, Motivation, Experience, Storage and Transferring from person to another .When I consider Term work; one must valuate the members of the team either by winning or loosing, this approach is towards learning and the encouragement of sharing and co-operative workers stated by Richard Potter (2007) and Colin Armistead (1999)

When I consider Motivation, Knowledge management helps to achieve the goal through the strategy-driven motivation and thus it helps to develop the worker given by Roelof P.uit Beijerse (1999)

Knowledge Management is also known for sharing one’s store the knowledge through experience which helps each other to work more effectively to meet business and personal objective for the overall success stated by David Gurteen (2006) and Karl M. Wiig (1997).This knowledge can be forwarded to wisdom for some individual according to Karen Battersby(2007)

REFLECTION FROM PRACTICE
I think data, information and knowledge are co related, from the above definition, I think Knowledge Management doesn’t have a finite definition but it comprise of experience, storage, term work and encouragement to peoples to work in organisation for a example When I was doing my undergraduate, during the third year when we were preparing for campus interview, we were asked to be divided into groups for around 4 to 5 peoples doing activities such as aptitude, logical reasoning, GD, personal interview. We do our assigned work for one week and then share with others in the next week; we teach others what we learn. In my point of view this means the knowledge is shared among all the students in the class to make it easy for everyone in the class to address the problem more effectively in the real interview. When we consider as an organisation point of view the individual class collects all the shared material documents and is placed in a repository for all the individual members to access the information and make the best use of it. This repository keeps growing every year and it becomes the knowledge bank to reduce time digging each time into the problem and also gives an idea of the types of questions and the starting point to answer. In my perspective, this is called knowledge management, the process of gathering information from groups of individuals and placing it in a repository to be accessed and utilized by individuals to solve their questions.

REFERENCE
[1] Charles Despres and Daniele Chauvel (1999),"Knowledge Management", journal of knowledge management volume3, no2, pp.113
[2] Colin Armistead (1999),"Knowledge Management and process performance”, Journal of Knowledge Management vol. 3, no2, pp 143-154
[3] Roelof P.,and Beijerse,U.(1999)."Questions in knowledge management: defining and conceptualizing a phenomenon", Journal of knowledge management, vol. 3 No.2, pp 94-109
[4] Turban,E(1992). Expert Systems and Applied Artificial Intelligence. Macmillan
[5]Yogesh Malhotra (2005),"Integrating Knowledge management technologies inorganisational business processes: getting real time enterprises to deliver real business performance", journal of knowledge management vol. 9, no 1, pp 7-28
[6] Wiig,K.M. (1993). Knowledge Management Foundations: Thinking How People and Organisation Create, Represent, and Use Knowledge. Schema Press, Arlington, TX.
[7] Wiig, K.M (1997),"Knowledge Management: An Introduction and Perspective", the journal of knowledge management vol. 1, no 1, pp. 1-8

Article 2- KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT MODEL-SECI

According to Ikujiro Nonaka and Hirotaka Takeuchi (1995), knowledge creation process is more effective, and divided into 3 elements: (1) SECI; (2) Ba and (3) Knowledge Assets
The above 3 elements interact with each other in the organisation which helps to share their tacit knowledge in a spiral format, Nonaka gave more importance to Japanese because they are the creator of new knowledge. In this article, I focus on the first two elements.

SECI
Socialization: the sharing of tacit knowledge between individuals through joint activities, physical proximity.
Externalization: the expression of tacit knowledge in publicly comprehensible forms.
Combination: the conversion of explicit knowledge into more complex sets of explicit knowledge: communication, dissemination, systematization of explicit knowledge.
Internalization: the conversion of externalized knowledge into tacit knowledge on an individual or organizational scale. The embodiment of explicit knowledge into actions, practices, processes and strategic initiatives.
BA
It helps to share the contents of the knowledge; this is popularly used in Japan to improve their tacit knowledge
Originating Ba: It is same of socialization; it enables interaction with each other.
Dialoguing Ba: It is used to dialogue the tacit knowledge of the individuals
Systemizing Ba: The storage of tacit knowledge to local storage.
Exercising Ba: All the information stored are improved to the benefit of the organisation

CRITICAL ANALYSIS
Socialization: The transformation of tacit to tacit knowledge, which mean personal knowledge is processed by other according to McAdam R. and McCreedy S. (1999) and Maen Al-Hawari (2004).

Externalisation: The transformation of tacit to explicit knowledge, which mean formalised way of converting personal knowledge into procedures and figures according to McAdam R. and McCreedy S. (1999) and Maen Al-Hawari (2004).

Internalisation: The transformation of explicit to tacit knowledge, which means the individual knowledge are translated into theory of practice according to McAdam R. and McCreedy S. (1999) and Maen Al-Hawari (2004).

Combination: The transforamtion of explicit to explicit knowledge, which means the combination of all the existing theories into specific one according to McAdam R. and McCreedy S. (1999) and Maen Al-Hawari (2004).

According to McAdam R. and McCreedy S. (1999), under the knowledge category there are two models namely Boisot’s model and Intellectual Capital model, where Boisot’s model is considered as knowledge as either codified (knowledge that can be easily transmitted at reason) or uncodified (knowledge that cannot be easily transmitted at reason), and as diffused (knowledge is easily shared from one another) or undiffused (knowledge that is not shared from one another), within an organisation. He finally states this model is mechanistic and more consistent. The intellectual capital(IC) model can be separated into human, customer, process and growth elements which are contained in two main categories of human capital and structural/organisation capital.

Socially constructed models of KM assume a wide definition of knowledge and views knowledge can be linked with social and learning processes within the organisation (McAdam R and McCreedy S, 1999).

REFLECTION FROM PRACTICE
In my view SECI model can be classified as; Socialization is sharing of knowledge between two individuals, it’s just like spend time or living with colleagues. Externalization is peer to peer network, It involves sharing of individual knowledge are committed into group and then represented in group according to nonaka (1995), the sum of individual intension and ideas fuse and became integrated with group mental world, the conversion of tacit to explicit knowledge can be done in two factors as follows; converting knowledge as image, figure, concepts and words and converting knowledge as customer understandable form. Combination is a group to group network, conversion of knowledge in the organisation into complex set of knowledge, this is done by capturing information then presenting and then reporting it. Internalization involves converting of explicit to tacit knowledge; this requires how individuals are contributed to the organisation.

For example if we consider a MNC company, there are different department doing different project, assume, the project term consists of 6 members it also act as an organisation, when peoples chat with each other this is known as socialization then when we are processing a project we are in need of team meeting, all the members in the term contribute as a individual but the information on the whole come out as group then it is called externalization, when the decision about the project is captured and documented in the form of report it is called combination finally when the project is finished and given to other organisation is called Internalization.
Now let us connect SECI model with Earl 7 school Earl (2001), when we compare the above example, MNC company with 7 school, I feel it connected to all the three main categories namely; Technocratic, Commercial and Behaviour schools because the technology or the coding used to complete the project is under the technocratic school, the statistical information gathered for the success of the project comes under Behaviour school and finally the market share is termed as Commercial school.

But now I have a doubt how SECI model is been used in practise, if it is used who is responsible to implement it? The concept of knowledge storing is not acceptable due to ego between many people’s therefore it is difficult to convert tacit to explicit. When I consider other two models namely; Boisot’s model and intellectual capital(IC) model, it is also not easy to transfer knowledge. Therefore in my view models should not be adapted it should be created depending upon the organisation and their employees for the better investment.

REFERENCE
[1] Ackoff, 1989, retrieved from http://www.systems-thinking.org/dikw/dikw.htm[accessed on 4th February, 2009]

[2] Earl M. (2001),”Knowledge Management Strategies: Toward a Taxonomy”, Journal of Management Information Systems. 18, (1), p.215-233. [Available at http://staffweb.ncnu.edu.tw/hyshih/download/KM/Paper/KM%20strategy%20taxonomy.pdf, accessed on 30th January, 2009]

[3] McAdam R. and McCreedy S. (1999),”A critical review of knowledge management models. The Learning Organization”: An International Journal, vol.6, no.3, pp.91-101 accessed on 3rd February, 2009.

[4] Maen Al-Hawari(2004),"Knowledge Management Styles and Performance: a Knowledge Space Model From both Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives”, The university of Wollongong. pp.31-36, 40-59 [available at http://www.library.uow.edu.au/adt-NWU/uploads/approved/adt-NWU20050308.141504/public/02Whole.pdf, accessed on 1st feb,2009]

[5] Nonaka, I. and Takeuchi, H. (1995). The knowledge-creating company, New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press [accessed on 2nd February, 2009]

[6] SECI MODEL, Retrieved from http://www.12manage.com/methods_nonaka_seci.html [accessed on 2nd February, 2009]

Article1- DATA,INFORMATION AND KNOWLEDGE

Data, Information and Knowledge is the most confusing terms in Knowledge Management. In my view data and information go hand in hand. In simple words it takes the same meaning, but this can change from person to person and also depends on how they view it for a particular situation in an organisation.

Stenmark (2002) has clearly described data, information and knowledge are linear and one directed. In my observation data is a raw fact or figure which serves no purpose but when the fact is processed it is represented as information and when this is used in oneself it is known as knowledge.

Knowledge can be sub divided as external and internal or explicit and tacit knowledge. Explicit knowledge is the knowledge that have been captured and stored in computer environments may be shared by applications and users. example: storing of employment information in the database for the future reference of the organisation (Richard C. Hicks; Ronald Dattero; Stuart D. Galup, 2007).Tacit knowledge is the knowledge needed to select an appropriate computer program, data set, sequence of functions to perform, output, and analysis within yourself (Richard C. Hicks; Ronald Dattero; Stuart D. Galup, 2007).Let us see below how the guru’s of Knowledge Management describes about the 3 terms:

REFLECTION FROM PRACTICE
According to the research, there is no clear definition for the 3 terms. As I have stated in the earlier data, information and knowledge are more interactive with each other. In order to gain knowledge you are in need of data and information without which you cannot process it. This process can be explained well with an example: I had completed my under graduate in May, 2008 and I was placed in a top MNC company, suddenly when I saw a advertisement about Middlesex University, London in the newspaper it was like a data, then when I started searching about it and knowing what are the courses available and which will choose me it started to become information and then now it is changed to knowledge because this is not just the stepping stone of my career but I am learning a lot in a multicultural environment. The knowledge was shared with my friends and my undergrad university. These lead many students come to Middlesex University to pursue their masters. Thus the knowledge is used by everyone for good.

REFERENCE
[1] Beijerse R. P. (1999), “Questions in knowledge management: defining and conceptualising a phenomenon”, Journal of Knowledge Management Vol. 3 No. 2 1999. pp. 94-109 [accessed on 17th January, 2009]

[2] Nonaka, I. and Takeuchi, H. (1995), The Knowledge Creating Company, Oxford University Press, New York, NY [accessed on 18th January, 2009].

[3] Nereu F.Kock Jr, Robert J.Mc Queen, Megan Baker, "Learning and process Improvement in knowledge organisations: A critical analysis of four contemporary Myths", pp 1-10 [accessed on 21st January, 2009].

[4] Richard C.Hicks, Ronald Dattero and Stuart D.Galup (2007),"A Metaphor for knowledge management: explicit islands in a tacit sea", journal of knowledge management, vol.11, no.1, pp 5-16 [Accessed on 16th January, 2009].

[5] Stenmark D. (2002), “Information vs. Knowledge: The Role of Intranets in Knowledge Management”, Proceedings of the IEEE 35th Annual Hawaii International Conference on Systems Sciences [accessed on 20th January, 2009].

[6] Wiig, K. M (1993)., Knowledge Management Foundations: Thinking About Thinking – How People and Organization Create, Represent, and Use Knowledge, Schema Press, Arlington, TX.[accessed on 18th January, 2009].

[7] Wilson, T.D. (2002),”The nonsense of Knowledge Management”, Information Research, vol. 8, no. 1, [Available at: http://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/cgi-bin/wa.exe?A2=ind0112&L=know-org&P=R224&I=-3, accessed on 20th January, 2009].

LEARNING SOURCE KNOWLEDGE MODEL

According to Nonaka, knowledge model can be classified as
(http://www.citehr.com/977-frame-works-knowledge-management.html)

Socialization: the sharing of tacit knowledge between individuals through joint activities, physical proximity.

Externalization: the expression of tacit knowledge in publicly comprehensible forms.

Combination: the conversion of explicit knowledge into more complex sets of explicit knowledge: communication, dissemination, systematization of explicit knowledge.

Internalization: the conversion of externalized knowledge into tacit knowledge on an individual or organizational scale. The embodiment of explicit knowledge into actions, practices, processes and strategic initiatives.

My view in Knowledge Models

knowledge creation can be done by two types of knowledge namely tacit and explicit knowledge, Tacit knowledge is sharing of individual knowledge to others and Explicit knowledge is sharing of knowledge from any storage devices and distributed to others


SOCIALIZATION
It involves the sharing of knowledge between two individuals, this get together can be done when we spend time or living with colleagues.
example: Team meeting in an organisation required for the productivity.

EXTERNALIZATION
It is peer to peer network,It involves sharing of individual knowledge are commited into group and then represented in group or else according to nonka, the sum of individual intension and ideas fuse and became integrated with group mwntal world.The conversion of tacit to explicit knowledge can be done in two factors as follows
a)Converting knowledge as image,figure,concepts and words.
b)Converting knowledge as customer understandable form.
example: group coursework or our buffalo organisation in KM module

COMBINATION
It is a group to group network.Conversion of knowledge in the organisation into complex set of knowledge.this is done by capturing information then presenting and then reporting it.
example: preparation of drugs

INTERNALIZATION
It involes converting of explicit to tacit knowledge, this requires how individuals is contributed to the organisation.

REFERENCE:

[1] http://www.citehr.com/977-frame-works-knowledge-management.html[accessed on 3rd february 2009]

[2]KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT: CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT by Ikiyiro Nonaka[accessed on 1st february,2009]